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This differences didn’t apply to the latest European sex professionals

The situation regarding Trafficking

Trafficking turned up towards political schedule immediately following stress out of feminists and you may brand new federal ladies policy agency. To start with, female was trafficked of The southern area of Asia (somewhat Thailand and Philippines), Latin The usa (Columbia and also the Dominican Republic and you may Africa (Ghana); following the slip of your Berlin Wall structure, trade routes shifted so you can Main and you will East Europe. Political means was indeed determining the newest offence a great deal more broadly to helps prosecution and improving the punishment regarding five to six decades, so culprits was kept inside remand custody. The fresh content regarding the penal code towards the peoples trafficking had been modified during the 1993, having a exact definition of new offence and higher charges to possess traffickers (Outshoorn 2004a: 195). This new posts were framed during the a gender-basic method, and trafficking remained recognized as forcing one on prostitution.

In the parliamentary debates on trafficking around that period, foreign women were portrayed as victims of unscrupulous traffickers tricked into prostitution. This framing was tied into a discourse about the divide between the rich and poor countries: female prostitutes from the ‘Third World’ were driven by poverty. Gradually, a more insidious edge crept into this discourse when Christian Democrats in parliament linked trafficking to illegal migration, opening a space for ‘false’ gia escort Zofingen victims, who used the loopholes in the law to work illegally as a prostitute in the Netherlands (HTK, 1991–1992, TK 81, pp. 4994, 4995, e time they also started to argue that all women from non-EU countries working in the sex industry were victims of forced prostitution. Therefore in their view, the best remedy to stop trafficking was to prevent non-EU women from working in the Dutch sex industry in the first place. This reasoning eradicated the figure of a woman migrant deciding to work as a sex worker in the West and who might make use of intermediaries to enter the country-with her consent. But then she was ‘illegal’ and ought to be deported.

Successive cabinets continued to refuse work permits on similar grounds, also arguing there was no national interest at stake which normally justifies extending work permits to non-EU persons. They were backed by a recurring majority in parliament; the parliamentary records show many references to the fear of foreign prostitutes entering the country which would subvert immigration policies. The fear resurfaced in the memorandum to the bill to lift the brothel ban, as one of the aims of the bill was to halt ‘the stream of foreign prostitutes’ (HTK 1996–97, 25437 (Opheffing Algemeen Bordeelverbod), no. 3 (Memorie van Toelichting), 1 July 1997, p. 13). The refusal to grant work permits was also generally justified by the aim of stopping the trafficking of women; permits would encourage traffickers to transport women into the country.

Kinds of Sex Specialists

Subsequent implementation of the operate resulted in the development out-of zero below five kinds of prostitutes. To begin with, there is the ethnically undefined Dutch sex worker who voluntarily determines to get results inside the prostitution which can be the fresh bearer out-of municipal and you can social legal rights. Furthermore, you will find the prostitutes off their European union regions who’ll flow freely in and out of one’s Netherlands and you can work in the fresh new sex globe. This category divided into several groups following accession for the Eu of one’s Baltic Says, Poland, Hungary, the newest Czech Republic and you may Slovakia in the 2004, and make a third group exactly who can only lawfully become prostitutes when they was independent sex professionals and never teams. In the 2007, sex pros regarding the fresh new Eu people had been acknowledged to the an equal ground towards elderly Eu associate workers, nevertheless third classification are now full of sex pros away from Bulgaria and you can Romania whenever both countries registered the new Eu because exact same 12 months. Like their predecessors, this type of ladies are allowed to work as separate sex professionals, but to date significantly less team.